Biological and Biomedical Sciences / Anatomy objectives

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Chapter 24
1) Describe the processes involved in anabolic and catabolic reactions

2) List and describe the steps necessary for carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism

3) Explain the processes that regulate glucose levels during the absorptive and postabsorptive states

4) Explain how metabolism is essential to maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation)

5) Summarize the importance of vitamins and minerals in the diet
Chapter 25

1) Describe the composition of urine

2) Label structures of the urinary system

3) Characterize the roles of each of the parts of the urinary system

4) Illustrate the macroscopic and microscopic structures of the kidney

5) Trace the flow of blood through the kidney

6) Outline how blood is filtered in the kidney nephron

7) Provide symptoms of kidney failure

8) List some of the solutes filtered, secreted, and reabsorbed in different parts of the nephron

9) Describe the role of a portal system in the kidney

10) Explain how urine osmolarity is hormonally regulated

11) Describe the regulation of major ions by the kidney

12) Summarize the role of the kidneys in maintaining acid–base balance
Chapter 26
1) Identify the body’s main fluid compartments

2) Define plasma osmolality and identify two ways in which plasma osmolality is maintained

3) Identify the six ions most important to the function of the body

4) Define buffer and discuss the role of buffers in the body

5) Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney

6) Identify the normal range of blood pH and name the conditions where one has a blood pH that is either too high or too low
Chapter 27

1) Describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems, including their accessory structures

2) Explain the role of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in male and female reproductive function

3) Trace the path of a sperm cell from its initial production through fertilization of an oocyte

4) Explain the events in the ovary prior to ovulation

5) Describe the development and maturation of the sex organs and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics during puberty
Chapter 28

1) List and explain the steps involved in fertilization

2) Describe the major events in embryonic development

3) Describe the major events in fetal development

4) Discuss the adaptations of a woman’s body to pregnancy

5) Describe the physiologic adjustments that the newborn must make in the first hours of extrauterine life

6) Summarize the physiology of lactation

7) Classify and describe the different patterns of inheritance